This paper is to examine the effects of manager-specific characteristics on the efficiency of the commercial Banks in Iranian Banking system. To this aim, a one-stage stochastic frontier panel data model has been applied for a unique data set constructed based on the important characteristics related to the managers of the branches such as age, gender, education, experience, tenure in managerial position in the Bank as well as managers mobility in a sampled branches of the EN Bank in Tehran over 1385-1387. The results show that the increase of managers’ age (till a specific period) as well as the duration of their activity in the Bank can lead to greater efficiency of the branches. Moreover, managers’ education level and their academic education level as well as their movement within the branches have the indirect effects on the efficiency of the branches.

AbstractCredit risk is one of the most important risks that the Banking system including Islamic Banks and conventional Banks is faced. The main source of this risk can be searched through certain Banking factors and macroeconomic environment. Due to the important role of Bank specific factors on the non-preforming loan of Banks, in this study, the effect of management quality, capital adequacy, size and liquidity on credit risk using GMM panel data method in 2011-2016 is investigated in two groups of Islamic and conventional Bank. In addition to specific factors, in order to control the role of the macroeconomic factors, the impact of GDP growth rate, exchange rate and inflation rates are considered as the control variable. The results show that there is significant negative correlation between credit risk and size, management quality and capital adequacy, but there is no significant correlation between liquidity ratio and credit risk in Islamic Banks. On the other hand, in conventional Banks, there are significant negative relation between liquidity, management quality and capital adequacy with credit risk, also results show an insignificant relationship between Bank size and credit risk.

Purpose: The credit risk and non-performing loans of Banks are among the most important problems of the Banking system in Iran. And according to available statistics, the average default of loans and non-performing loans of Banks in Iran is much higher than the global average. The main purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the basic and important factors affecting credit risk in the Iranian Banking system. Methodology: For this purpose, first, using the method of guided interviews with twenty experts and credit risk managers of the country's Banking sector, who were selected by the snowball method, the most important factors affecting credit risk were identified, then, these factors were returned to the experts for ranking in the form of a pairwise comparison questionnaire, and finally, the important factors affecting this risk, along with their sub-factors were analyzed using denp technique (the dematel based analytic network process). Findings: The results of the research show that the macroeconomic factors are the most important factor as well as instability in macroeconomic environment, failure to take timely and inappropriate actions with defaulters, poor and inadequate credit monitoring, ordered loans, and lengthy and time-consuming judicial procedures are the most important factors affecting risk credit in Iranian Banking. Originality/Value: The distinguishing feature of this study from other similar studies is the use of DANP technique to investigate the relationships between factors and sub-factors.

Salvia bracteata is a permanent herb belongs to Lamiaceae family which wildely grows in some regions of Lorestan province. The aerial part of this plant was collected in postflowering stage from montains of North of Alashtar in Lorestan province. The air-dried samples were subjected to hydrodistillation using by Cleavenger apparatus for 2.5h ( in yield of 0.8%).The essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Forty-six constituents representing 91.7% of the oil were identified. The major components of the oil were a- pinene (31.9%), myrcene(8.6%), limonene(8.1%), b-pinene(6.8%).

The aim of this study is to determine the factors affecting the cost inefficiency in private Banks. The statistical society of this research is all private Banks due to the availability of data and information needed in the years 2009 to 2014, 9 Bank have been selected. The result show that the average cost inefficiency ratio during the period is about 69.5%. Aslo, Company-specific factors larger role than economic growth and inflation in variable costs associated with inefficiency in play Banks.

highlighted the role of well-functioning financial systems in investing in different sectors of the economy. The financial systems facilitate the economic growth by aggregating the limited resources for enormous investments. Considering the important role of Banks in financial systems and the significant impact of the Profitability of Banks on their activities, this paper empirically analyses the factors determining the profitability of 15 Banks for the period of 1384 – 1393. It should be noted that the higher levels of profitability in Banks not only enables them to grant further credit, but also facilitates the investment process in risky environments. According to the literature, we divided the factors into two groups: Bank specific factors and macroeconomic factors. The results of examining hypothesis using panel analyses and Eviews software and the return on equity (ROE) as the profitability measure, indicate that there is a positive relationship between the profitability factors and the asset structure, revenue diversification, economic growth and inflation. In addition, capitalization, capital structure, size, industry concentration and interest rate have a negative effect on Bank profitability.

Profit rate stickiness means the asymmetric behavior of the Banking profit rate for positive and negative shocks. Scrutinizing this behavior would suggest a new perspective on policy tools and Banking supervision. In this regard, this paper applies hidden panel cointegration, proposed by Hatemi-J (2018), to study profit rate and Bank-specific characteristics nexus for all Banks listed on Tehran Stock Exchange [TSE] during 2008-2017. This approach, in addition to analyzing the long-term relationship between variables, has another important capability for modeling asymmetry between variables. It has been shown that there is a long-run non-linear relationship between cumulative positive and negative components of variables. Then, asymmetric relationships are measured by using Panel DOLS. The results indicate that the leading causes of profit rate asymmetry are liquidity and credit risks, and there is a downward direction of profit rate stickiness. Finally, the SCP paradigm is well-supported in Iran’ s Banking system. It seems the Central Bank of Iran [CBI] needs to be mindful of the anticompetitive effects of Bank mergers firstly; and secondly, require Banks to meet more stringent liquidity requirements and force them to stop roll over defaulted loans into new loans to increase the quality of Banks’ assets.

Not only in Iran, but throughout the world, Banks and Banking industry are considered as very important parts of the economy. This study seeks to investigate the impact of the internal characteristics of Banks, the structure of the Banking industry and the economic situation of Iran on the profitability of the Banking system of Iran by exploring the theory of the Structuralism school concerning the impact of structure on profitability. To this end, data relating to 18 private and public Banks of Iran during 2003 to 2012 are analyzed by using panel data methods. First, the profitability of the Banking system is calculated using relevant indicators; and then, the impact of various internal, structural and environmental factors on Bank profitability is evaluated. The results show that internal factors - the amount of capital and the size of the Bank - have a positive impact on profitability. Besides, structural factors including market share and concentration are shown to have a positive impact on profitability whereas ownership appears to have no significant impact. Furthermore, inflation and economic cycles– among environmental factors – exhibit a positive impact on profitability.

The purpose of all service institutions, including Banks, is providing appropriate services that satisfy customers. Whereas all financial organizations and especially Banks, work in an environment with indistinct products, quality of services is the first weapon of competition for them. This study was performed with the aim of identifying factors that affecting service quality in Banks. In this regard, after two stage distribution of questionnaires and analyze the results obtained from them, 50 indicators were obtained as the most important indicators that affecting Bank service quality. After inserting these 50 indicators in the final questionnaire and distributing it, factor analysis method for data analysis and reduction of variables were used. The results of factor analysis showed that about %65 of the total variance of variables explained by nine factors and about %35 of the rest of the variance explained by other factors, that were not be measured. As a result, nine factors were identified as the most important factors affecting Bank service quality. These nine factors in sequence are: 1) employees behavior; 2) employee's competency and skills; 3) innovation in Banking services; 4) benefits and facilities; 5) the way of responding and delivering Banking services; 6) the physical facilities of the Bank; 7) reliability; 8) diversity in services and 9) ease in services.